cq_qrs_newsletter

2024 22 CQ QRS RagChew

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Contents

A relatively quiet night last Tuesday – at least operators-wise…. plenty of static crashes though. Looks like we had around 34 stations – some reported good conditions, some reported poor; and terrific to have an SWL report from the UK a: well this week.

Hopefully everyone had fun and enjoyed the challenges; I know I did.

Here’s this week’s list of the 34 stations heard:

Welcome this week to Derek VK3KX from Vermont South who was able to be on air on a previous Tuesday. Derek is Vice President of Fists Down Under – and I look forward to being able to work together with FDU to encourage more CW.

Masthead Image

And thanks this week to Mark VK2DI for his glorious photo of 17m CW ops from his yacht on Sydney harbour this week. Cheers, mb Mark Bosma VK2KI / VK6QI Beautiful South Bowning NSW mark.bosma@icloud.com non impsditi ratione cogitationis

Reports & Comments

After each Tuesday’s net, please send me a list of who you worked and / or who you heard using our new web form here: bit.ly/CQQRSNET

Getting reports from stations and listeners is important to me – even if you listened and didn’t hear anyone or weren’t able to copy anything – the fact that you had a go needs to get recorded so we know that the net is working and attracting new and old team members to have a go.

Thanks again to Nigel G4RWI for building the Google Form, the Python software back-end that does the processing, the new link and the QR code.

Comments This Week

The spreadsheets above show the known stations on last Tuesday’s net. Comments from the reports received are below: +

From Richard VK6PZT at Dalyellup: © Thanks for the newsletter Mark. I’ll have to send my apologies for tonights net as I’ve used all my radio privileges up in the past few weeks studying for the advanced exam. © The exams were held by the Bunbury Radio Club.

= About 4 new foundations, 1 standard and myself sitting the advanced. = All passed on the day as per our local examiner Norm. © And I’lllet you into a little secret…

One of the CQQRS members who may or may not also be the President of the BRC passed his Standard license test. © So the exam went well and the documentation has been sent off to the ACMA for verification. © Iwill catch you next Tuesday © Cheers, Richard VK6PZT.

[Congratulations Richard and Phillip – outstanding! So Richard… what will your two- letter call be? Mister Morse and Charlie Whiskey have already been taken… but ! wonder about RA… nice and easy (to send… and for you to remember)!]

From Lin VK6NT operating from Whiteman Park: oe Using NCRG equipment tonight on 40m, all from east. © Great fun, thoroughly enjoyed! ° de VK6NT

• Using NCRG equipment tonight on 40m, all from the East. ¢ Great fun, thoroughly enjoyed! ¢ de VK6NT

¢ From Nigel G4RWI at Cambridge UK [40m]

e From Nigel G4RWI at Cambridge UK

• Was listening on and off over breakfast here in the UK, using the Arulen Tecsun websdr. ¢ I always wake with trepidation on Thursday mornings (when Mark runs my Python software to process the reports)!

[[his ts the result we’ve been hoping for when I run Nigel’s software – success! Last week he had fun trying to work out why it ran for him but not me… time zone naming problem! Thanks Nigel – Almond croissants on their way for Ms Jo.]

[40m] * Some QSB from VK3 to VK2 * Lost VK2IK after 1 minute of 599+

• Some QSB from VK3 to VK2 ¢ Lost VK2IK after 1 minute of 599+

60m] + Just receiving this week using the AusTravel SDR at Yarloop as my HF ant has been dismantled at my home QTH ready for some mobile HF work + Bad weather hit Perth which included thunder storms

• Many crashes were heard which always appeared to occur when concentrating on call signs ¢ Hope to be calling in next week from a portable setup somewhere in the Kalbarri region ¢ 73s VK6KD David

[Starting your round-Aus trip David – or just enjoying Kalbarri’s undoubtedly perfect et a.

[Starting your round-Aus trip David – or just enjoying Kalbarri’s undoubtedly perfect weather?]

[40m] * I finished the evening with a nice chat with VKSAO * Mait and I both agreed that we had had more QSOs with VK6 on this net than over many previous years ¢

• No luck at all on Tuesday from Katherine NT – I didn’t hear any stations ¢ Blame my antenna

Night ¢ QRN & QSB were running quite wild here ¢ VKSKLE started at 599 then lost contact altogether ¢ Storm conditions existed 160 kms north of me – lightning etc

[40m] * The OM George, VK2AOE/QRP in Kogarah was only RSN 336 and also QSB, but we managed to finalise this, our second QSO * On the other side of the map, VK6KH was only RSN 226 which made me impossible to copy or have a QSO

[80m] + Did not tune into 80m * Too NOISY in my QTH [| hope you got the PowerPoint presentation about the phasing-type noise cancellers Manny; Ill try to consolidate my previous RagChews’ articles into one short summary – one of these days, now that I’ve finished doing last year’s tax!]

[80m] + My 80m contact suffered from static crashes, fast QSB into noise, and occasional QRM from adjacent CW stations

[40m] + I had one short QSO with Paul, VK4KLE * I would have much rather stayed warm in the shack, but at about 6:30PM, I had to go play tennis * So it was just one QSO on 40m

[80m] * There was some QRN and QSB to VK6QI, which made copying a bit tricky * I believe it was an FT991, remotely operated by Mark near or in Perth + Just the one QSO on 80m tonight, at about 11:30PM * Thanks everyone!

• Just the one QSO on 80m tonight, at about 11:30PM. There was some QRN and QSB to VK6QI, which made copying a bit tricky. I believe it was an FT991, remotely operated by Mark near or in Perth ¢ Thanks everyone!

[40m] * only a quite short listening period Tues eve [Six stations for a short listen – not bad David.]

[40m] * the conditions do get very noisy after 10:00z in the West, * although the CW stations are still workable

[80m] + there is still only a few folks that make it back to 80m it would seem, * plus, can often be available at other times, to try any other band

, From me VK2KI at Beautiful South Bowning: ©

[40m] © From the get-go, I heard Arthur VK2ASB up at Wentworth Falls via the Tecsun KiwiSDR; Arthur joined a week or two ago and has already written an article for the next edition of RagChew.

© Next up I listened to Derek VK4DRK near Toowoomba chatting to Paul VK3KLE at Stawell, then our team of Paul ZL1AJY at Birkenhead and Grant ZL2GD at Oxford chatting away happily. I had also heard Grant chatting to Bow ZL1HX who hasn’t joined the fun yet.

© As the band opened up from WA, I heard lan VK7TA at Latrobe working Ron VK6KHZ at Yangebup, before Ron went on to chat to Max VK6EN at Manjimup.

I also heard Stan ZLSTK chatting to Keiran VKSBTV at North Ringwood then Maity VK5AO at Banksia Park chatting to Peter VK6IS at Wundowie.

© By around 1030Z, I eavesdropped on Lin VK6NT operating from the Northern Corridor Radio Group station at Whiteman Park working Paul VK2IK up the road from me at Moss Vale. It was interesting that Paul was very weak with me – no NVIS happening on 40m.

I also listened to Georg VK2DLF at St Marys chatting to Paul ZL1AJY while Stan and Maity hooked up. © I then tried hooking up with Shaun VK6BEK at Quinns Rocks – I could hear Shaun, but he was struggling with his neighbourhood QRM. ©

[80m] © Iwas proud of myself being able to tear myself from 40m at 1120Z to head down to 80m for a look-see. © I hooked up with Peter VK6IS at Wundowie and later in the evening caught up with Chris VK2NAP at Marrickville.

By this time my brain was struggling and my motor-skills were even less cooperative… great fun when my wrist won’t send letters properly…

But I decided to give it away and head to bed before doing any more damage to my already poor on- air skills reputation.

• Also from me VK6QI using the VK6QS KiwiSDR at Brookton and the VK6SR Remote at Bedfordale:

• At 0700Z I could just hear Arthur VK2ASB coming through from Wentworth Falls as the absorption layer Frequency started to drop.

However as the band opened, the Static crashes started to rise; pretty soon the waterfall display on the KiwiSDR was full of horizontal green bands.

+ Max VK6FN at Manjimup and Peter VK6IS at Wundowie were thundering through, and soon I was able to listen to the QSO between Derek VK4DRK at Wyreema and Paul VK3KLE at Stawell.

I also heard Ron VK6KHZ at Yangebup and Richard VK6HRC at Padbury as well as Paul VK3KLE at Stawell and Allen VK5ED at Blakeview.

I gave Ron VK6KHZ a call via the Southern Electronics Group Remote but Peter jumped in instead, and Ron went on to chat to Max.By around 0830Z, the ZLs were coming in to WA nicely and I listened to Keiran VK3BTV chatting to Stan ZL3TK.

Awhile later I listened to Maity VK5AO at Banksia Park working Peter, and Paul VK2IK at Moss Vale chatting to Lin VK6NT out at the Whiteman Park NCRG Club station, and Georg VK2DLF at St Marys working Paul ZLAAJY at Birkenhead.

I also tuned in to Manny VK3DRQ chatting to the other George VK2AOE at Kogarah; George is a known operator of things in tin boxes, so I was looking forward to his report and Manny’s, to see what delights he was using this time.

Next up I heard Shaun VK6BEK up at Quinns Rocks; I’d worked Shaun earlier in the year from VK2, but it’d been about a year since we’d hooked up via the VK6 Remote. So it was nice to have a chat again…. just before his antenna failed in the 100KPH wind!

See below. lalso heard VK2IK Paul chatting to Ketut VK3BWN at Keilor East before I moved down to 80m.

[80m] At around 1120Z I heard Paul VK2IK at Moss Vale, but unfortunately Paul couldn’t hear me in the rising static crashes over East. I also heard Peter VK6KPC no doubt running QRP – but again, he couldn’t hear my calls.

Luckily all wasn’t lost; Peter VK6IS hearing me much better over the 35KM ground wave / Near Vertical Incidence Skywave path between Bedfordale and Wundowie. After that, I was able to have a nice chat with Allen VK5FD at Blakeview.

During that QSO some auroral buzz cropped up – and I was able to watch the wide-band furry noise on both the VK6QS and Tecsun KiwiSDRs.

I ended up the evening with a nice QSO with Derek VK4DRK at Toowoomba – that’s quite a haul on 80m – 3500KM via single or two-hop F-layer according to the ionospheric prediction.

When I worked Chris VK2NAP at Marrickville from my home in VK2, I was also listening in from WA; interesting that Chris’ signal was the same strength form both ends of the country.

Other News

Post Morsum

Hicnara VRORAG Another interesting / entertaining Post Morsum net this stormy morning on the WA AllStar network… On today : * ZL3TK Stan * VK6FN Max + VK6QI_ Mark * VK6KHZ Ron * VK6KRC Bob listening * and our SWLs The main topics of the net were the poor conditions last night and the low numbers of participants on 80 mx.

In spite of that everyone enjoyed the net, Stan ZL3TK reported that he passed on a number of “This day in history” messages – good practice for the next Chinese Whispers and similar events!

Stan also mentioned that he has set up a spreadsheet to keep track of call signs and names; I will have to lift my game somewhat as my pencil and paper is a bit too old school!

Ron VK6KHZ mentioned that Ross MONNK has managed to get out and do some portable work so if we are lucky we might get a report for a future RagChew.

It appears that our not so trusty internet is still not well as it dropped out and we lost Mark a few times before he could link back up to AllStar. Many thanks to all who came up on Wednesday.

Cheers have a great day Richard [Thanks for running the net every week Richard, and for compiling the report for us – great work mate]

From Brendan VK3BAP at Truganina

Hi Mark and fellow CW operators. For various reasons, I haven’t been able to make it to QRS on Tuesday nights. Mostly just because I’m busy with family stuff at that time of night (kids, meals, homework, dishes) and my brain is fried after working alll day.

I’ve been listening-in every now and then and was actually planning to make a quick QSO this week but just never got the opportunity. lalso had a few weeks where severe QRM completely wiped out 40M and 80M.

I built a small prototype directional loop and as soon as I completed it, the QRM abruptly stopped and I never did find the source.

I plan to make a larger version to hopefully locate some less broadband QRM that’s still persisting on 80M and if it works out, I’ll share the details. I still enjoy reading the Ragchew and it’s great to see the QRS Net continue to grow, great work!

Cheers, Brendan VK3BAP [Thanks for the update Brendan; I look forward to you getting time to be on alt, or if not, keeping the brain sharp having a listen.)

Reporting Form

From Ketut VK3BWN at East Keilor Hi Mark, what do you think of putting the link to the reporting form on the CQQRS WhatsApp group profile? Make it easy to find the link. Thanks – Ketut [Great idea Ketut.

We had it for a short while, but at that time the URL changed each week; now that we’re using a bit.ly URL it’ll remain static. I’ll ask Stuart VK6MK has started working on it again. Cheers, mb]

Today in History

“Today in History’ sentences for 28 May were: 1. THE VOLKSWAGEN GROUP WAS FOUNDED TODAY1937 IN WOLFSBURG BY NAZI REICHSTAG TO MASS PRODUCE A CHEAP PEOPLES CAR. Sent to VK2DLF 2.

ASTAUNCH CHAMPION OF APPEASEMENT TOWARDS HITLER NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN WAS ELECTED TODAY 1937 AS ENGLANDS PRIME MINISTER. Sent to VK5AO 3. PAINTING OF THE LAST SUPPER BY LEONARDO DAVINCI WAS FINALLY UNVEILED TODAY 1999 IN MILAN AFTER 20 YEARS OF RESTORATION.

Sent to VK3BTV The highlight of Tuesday evening was having a spanking-new ‘Today in History’ sentence sent in reply, exactly as the project intends. In a first for the CQ QRS Group, OM Keiran VK3BTV did the honours; very well executed that man.

The acronym for Keiran’s call sign can now be translated into a more positive tone because he ‘Bounces Traffic Victoriously’.

So come on chaps, preparation takes only a few minutes, get some of your own “Today inHistory’ sentences rounded up for next Tuesday, they’ll go towards making CW-lfe rather more existential.

[Here’s a hint – even if you don’t have a response ready to go – send QRX and quickly look up “today in history’, “on this day” or similar on your phone – and knock the socks off our mate by sending him one in return]

Fists Down Under

Lam the Vice President of the FDU CW group, and we have been watching the growth of QRS and encouraging our members to join. We don’t see any conflict between the two groups and wish you all success.

Personally, I have commitments ona Tuesday night otherwise you would hear me on also. The FDU weekly event is on Friday nights and all are welcome.

You can find the details here: https://www.fdu.org.au/ Although application for a FISTS membership number is through the UK website, our Facebook and Discord channels are free to all without memberships too.

Hope to catch you on air, 73 Derek Dawkins VK3KX Fists Down Under VP [Thanks Derek; terrific to have you on board and I hope you can find your way on air on Tuesdays when you can.

We’ll continue to promote and support FISTS Down Under activities via our newsletter]

Thanks to Kees VK1KVS for the information about his Curly Tail Mod for the WT 8 Amp key in the last RagChew. Mine’s now looking pretty sharp! Ross MONNK

[Mine could do with some love and attention Ross.]

This week the Brookton KiwiSDR that many of us use was back on air. The owner Matt VK6QS reported that the fault was a high resistance in the lug on the fuse from the solar charger to the battery.

The problem did not blow the fuse but made it hot, and caused a significant voltage drop. The fuse holder was replaced. The battery was depleted so will take time for voltage to recover and Matt expects that the battery will need to be replaced

[Thanks Matt – your KiwiSDR sure makes life easier for West Australians during our net, and for me using the VK6SR Remote.]

Stirring Up Activity

Lan VK7TA at Latrobe writes: I just finished chatting to Maity VK5AO and we both agreed that we had had more QSOs with VK6 than in previous decades! This Tuesday net really is fun. I am hoping to be able to join you on 80m before long.

I have materials to build an EFHW for 80m, I just need to find the time to erect it. 73 de lan [Great stuff lan… and it was good to hear you really getting among the action on Tuesday.]

Corrosion in a Maritime Environment

Good to work you last night. Unfortunately the end fed wire broke in the storm last night, so an update photo will have to wait until repairs are effected… real soon now.

The antenna was 2.8mm hookup wire but I had a tied solder joint at one end near the 80m coil and there was some corrosion hidden under some insulation. It was at least 3 years old and there were over 100km/hour winds last night.

I will order some Kevflex from TET Emtron once I have measured up the end fed and allowed for some slack. Kevflex is an excellent product provided you treat it sensibly, don’t bash it against branches for months, and that you seal off the ends properly against the weather.

Kevflex is very strong and does not stretch compared to standard insulated wire.

Above:The point of failure on the standard 2.8mm plastic covered wire. The exposed wire snapped just before a soldered join due to wind pressure bending the Squidpole mast. I clearly need to add a tension pulley to the end fed.

Above Right:What happens if you let the wire bash against branches for several months in high winds. Water gets into these holes and wicks into the mesh. Right:Kevflex end showing why you need to seal it properly against moisture (like coax).

| have used Kevflex before and found it to be super strong, flexible and light. I didn’t seal the ends well enough and it corroded in the maritime environment here.

I stopped using it because it was hitting branches and trees – hardly any trees now so no problem there. Regards Shaun – VK6BEK

Morse Training Net

Nic VK7WW runs a Slow Morse training net every Wednesday at 7pm EDST on 3580 for 30 mins. He uses the callsign of the Northern Tasmania Amateur Radio Club VK7TAZ on that net.

Many of our team learned Morse code with the support of Nic, and the weekly training session comes highly recommended for anyone who wants to learn the Code, or simply brush up. Everyone’s welcome – 3580KHZ at 7pm Eastern time every Wednesday.

The NTARC also feeds the CW live via the Discord phone / computer audio stream, and previous weeks’ recordings are available. Contact Nic VK7WW for more info nicholaschantler@hotmail.com – or just join in on Wednesdays.

This Week’s Topic of Interest

Recently, before returning home from my camping trip to West Cornwall, I visited the Porthcurno Global Communications Museum. https://pkporthcurno.com/collections/ou r-history/ “PK” being this telegraph station’s

It was a great museum housed in the original building and in the adjacent World War 2 cavern built into the hillside to avoid German bombs. It was beautifully laid out with a terrific amount of original equipment in working condition.

And it had a great story to tell that’s also of interest to radio hams.

The first undersea telegraph cable from India came ashore at Porthcurno in 1870. By 1872 the cable had been extended to Australia, coming ashore at that end just North of Fremantle at Cottesloe.

By the 1920S Porthcurno was the busiest telegraph station in the world, with 20 undersea cables entering the building.

The last telegram was sent from Porthcurno in 1970. Undersea cables still come ashore at Porthcurno but these days they’re fibre optic and are connected to the mainland network at a site a mile or so inland.

So, “What has all this got to do with us radio hams?”, I hear you ask. Well…

In 1901, Marconi sent the first Trans-Atlantic wireless message from his site on the Lizard peninsular, only 20 miles away from Porthcurno as the crow flies and visible from the cliffs above the station on a good day.

Marconi, who was in Newfoundland for that transmission, actually used the Trans-Atlantic telegraph cable to communicate with his staff on The Lizard.

At first there was great rivalry between the two forms of communication, with the Eastern Telegraph Company resorting to skullduggery in the form of eavesdropping (using it’s own radio station at Porthcurno) and jamming, to prove the lack of privacy of radio communications and it’s unreliability.

But soon afterwards the cable company was using radio for communications with its cable laying ships and many of its relay stations along the cable routes.

In 1928, all the communications methods of the British Empire were merged into one operating company, initially known as the “Imperial & International Communications Company” but known from 1934 as “Cable & Wireless Ltd”.

This company was nationalised in 1947 and integrated into the General Post Office. The company was privatised in 1981. As with all large companies, the company’s history then proceeded in a complex fashion with many mergers and acquisitions.

Cable & Wireless was fully integrated into Vodaphone in 2013. Although the international telegraph system used Morse Code, it was implemented ina very different way from radio (so called “Cable Code”).

Instead of sending bursts of Carrier Wave CW, the cable was held at zero volts until a “dit” was sent when the voltage went negative for the duration of the dit. “Dah’s” were the same length as a dit but this time the voltage went positive.

A two-lever key was used – the left lever for negative volts, the right lever for positive volts. At the receiving end, a needle indicator swung left and right accordingly.

The advantage of using only “dits” is that messages could be sent in less time (dahs are three times the length of a dit).

This is, I believe, different from the Australian domestic telegraph network which used “dits-and-dahs” Morse Code using radio-style keys. So, more similar to radio in that respect, although using somewhat different procedures.

Aussies will know more about that than me, though. The electric telegram system was easily automated and this was done at a very early stage of its development. So telegram operators as senders and copiers didn’t last long.

Messages were manually typed by an operator at the keyboard of a machine which converted them to strips of punched tape.

These tapes were glued together in priority order and run through another machine which sent the signal. At the other end, the receiving apparatus drove a punched tape machine which was connected to a paper strip printer.

The operator only had to cut up the individual messages and glue them to the telegram form, which is why telegrams have those paper strips of type across them.

Thus international telegraph staff were mainly engineers who maintained the electrical and mechanical equipment that the system operated on. Ihope you found that interesting. I certainly did.

And it made a nice counterpoint to my visit to Marconi’s hut on The Lizard last year. Going on holiday is no excuse not to do some sort of radio activity!

Best wishes, Ross MONNK [Thanks for your second very interesting article Ross – much appreciated by our readers. I reckon Mister Morse Code Richard VK6PZT will raise his eyebrows at the two-key system.

I’m looking forward to our next chat on the WA South West AllStar net]. Ifyou have something that you think might be of interest to our readers, please let me know so we can share more thoughts and ideas; email to cqarsnet@gmail.com

Brain Teaser

Wavelength is calculated by dividing 300 by the frequency in MHz. ? = 300/ frequency in MHz. What is the wavelength of a 28MHZ signal? This carbon filament resistor may be described as:

When comparing series and switching voltage regulators, the major disadvantage the series regulator is its: * higher power dissipation * difficulty in adjustment * lower power dissipation * instability Severe static is harming reception.

The appropriate “Q” code to use would be? (a) QRM (b) QRN (9 QsB (@) QRO An unqualified person may transmit from an amateur radio station provided that: (@) The person owns the equipment (b) Only Morse code is used (©) A qualified operator supervises and identifies by announcing callsigns (d) The unqualified user is over 18 years of age How did you go?

Answers from last week’s Quiz:

Describe the wavelength of a signal. Answer: Wavelength is the distance one cycle would travel in one cycle. The main reason for earthing mains powered equipment is to * reduce RF interference * reduce eddy currents * reduce shock hazards * reduce stray coupling Answer: reduce shock hazards Api-coupling network used at the output of the final power amplifier stage in a transmitter + doubles the output frequency and improves neutralisation * suppresses parasitic oscillations and enhances spurious sidebands + matches the PA output impedance to the antenna load and suppresses harmonics * enables a half-wave dipole antenna to be voltage fed Answer: matches the PA output impedance to the antenna load and suppresses harmonics Which of these is NOT allowed to be sent as an amateur television image?

(a) An image of your house (b) An image of equipment you have for sale with prices (0) An image of a group of unlicensed persons around your barbecue (d) An image of your antenna system Answer: (b) An image of equipment you have for sale with prices How did you go?

Di-dah-di-dah-dit

So back to the Slow CW QSO practice net.

Next Tuesday’s Net

Our CQ QRS Net will be on as always on Tuesday from around 0700Z until about 1300Z; see below for details. Doesn’t matter whether you’re brand new and want to try just exchanging callsigns and RST reports, or you’re ready for a good old rag chew.

Reports

Please let me know via our Reports form bit.ly/CQQRSNET who you work or hear c Tuesday’s net.

Richard VK6HRC will run our Post Morsum on the South West AllStar net (via repeaters and hotspots all over WA) from 0600 WA time. If you’re in WA, all you need is an FM 2m or 70CM transceiver and an AllStar node nearby.

If you’re elsewhere in the world, you may be able to connect your local AllStar-enabled repeater to the net, or you can connect via Echolink. Let me know (cqqrsnet@gmail.com) if I can help with that.

Teamwork

Thank you so much to our team of 32 contributors this week: VK2DI (great photo thanks Mark), VK6PZT, VK6NT, VK2EBN, G4RWI, VK3ACU, VK7WW, VK3BWN, ZL3TK, VK2IK, VK6KD, VK7TA, VK6MK, VK2ASB, VK6HRC, VK7KPC, VK6FN, VK3DRQ, VK6KHZ, VK5FD, VK4DRK, VK2DLF, VK6BEK, VK5AO, VK2GAS, VK3DBD, VK6IS, VK3BAP, VK3KX, MONNK (thanks for the great article Ross), VK6QS and VK3JFP.

Thank you team. GU CW on Tuesday, mb Mark Bosma VK2KI / VK6QI Beautiful South Bowning NSW mark.bosma@icloud.com non impediti ratione cogitationis

An Ode to CW – thanks to David VK3RU: In days of old, when ops were bold, And sideband was not invented, Words were passed by pounding brass, And all were quite contented. – Unknown author

PSE QRS

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